Element symbol Er, atomic number 68, in the periodic table of chemical elements in the sixth period, lanthanide (group IIIB) 11, atomic weight 167.26, the element name from yttrium earth was found. Erbium oxide was found in yttrium soil by the fractional precipitation method by Swedish scientist Mosandel in 1843, and was officially named in 1860. Erbium, which has a content of 0.000247 percent in the earth's crust, is found in many rare earth minerals. There are six natural isotopes: erbium 162, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170

Erbium is a silver-white metal; Melting point 1529°C, boiling point 2863°C, density 9.006g/cm3; Erbium is antiferromagnetic at low temperatures, strongly ferromagnetic near absolute zero, and a superconductor.

The erbium oxide is slowly oxidized by air and water at room temperature, and the erbium oxide is rose red.

Erbium can be used as a reactor control material. Erbium can also be used as activator of some fluorescent materials. The first ionization energy is 6.10 electron volts. The chemical and physical properties of holmium and dysprosium are almost identical.

Erbium is a silvery white metal, soft, insoluble in water and soluble in acid. Salts and oxides are pink to red. Erbium isotopes are: 162Er, 164Er, 166Er, 167Er, 168Er, 170Er.

Element name: Erbium

Element symbol: Er

erbium

erbium

English name: Erbium

Atomic weight of element: 167.3

Bulk modulus of elasticity: Gpa: 44.4

Enthalpy of atomization: kJ /mol @25ºC : 314

Heat capacity: J/(mol·K) : 28.12

Conductivity: 106/(cm·Ω) : 0.0117

Thermal conductivity: W/ (m·K) : 14.5

Melting heat: 19.90 (kJ/mol)

Heat of vaporization: (kilojoule/mole) : 261.0

Atomic volume (cubic cm/mole) : 18.4

Erbium laser head

Oxidation state: Main Er+3

Other

Amount of elements in the universe: (ppm) : 0.002

Element content in the Sun: (ppm) : 0.001

Element content in seawater: (ppm) : Atlantic Surface 0.00000059

0.00000086 deep in the Atlantic Ocean

Content in crust: (ppm) : 3.8

Crystal structure: the cell is hexagonal.

Cell parameters:

a = 355.88pm; b = 355.88pm; c = 558.74pm; α = 90°; β = 90°; Gamma is equal to 120 degrees

Vickers Hardness: 589MPa

The propagation rate of sound in it: (m/S) 2830

Ionization energy (kJ /mol)

M -- M+ 588.7; M+ -- M2+ 1151; M2+ -- M3+ 2194; M3+ -- M4+ 4115

Element type: Metal

Element symbol: Er

English name: Erbium

Chinese name: Erbium

Relative atomic mass: 167.2

Common valence: +3

Electronegativity: 1.24

Peripheral electron configuration: 4f12 6s2

Electron configuration: 2,8,18,30,8,2

Electron shell: K-L-M-N-O-P

Isotopes and Radiation: Er-162, Er-164, *Er-166, Er-167, Er-168, Er-169[9.4d], Er-170, Er-171[7.5h], Er-172[2.1d]

Electron affinity: 0 KJ·mol-1

First ionization energy: 589 KJ·mol-1

Second ionization energy: 1151 KJ·mol-1

Third ionization energy: 0 KJ·mol-1

Elemental density: 8.795 g/cm3

Elemental melting point: 1522.0 ºC

Elemental boiling point: 2510.0 ºC

Atomic radius: 2.45 angstroms
 

Application field editor broadcast

Er2O3 is a rose red oxide used to make pottery glazes. Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to produce a pink glaze. Erbium also has some applications in the nuclear industry and as an alloy for other metals. The addition of erbium to vanadium, for example, increases its ductility.

The most prominent use of Erbium is in the manufacture of Erbium Dopant Fiber Amplifier, or EDFA. First developed by the University of Southampton in 1985, the Erbium-doped Fiber amplifier (EDFA) is one of the greatest inventions in fiber optic communication and can even be said to be the "gas station" of today's long-distance information superhighway. Erbium-doped fiber is a quartz fiber with a small amount of the rare earth element Er3+, which is the core of the amplifier. The principle of Er3+ amplifying optical signal is that when ER3 + is excited by the wavelength of 980nm or 1480nm and absorbs the energy of the pump light, it transitions from the ground state to the higher energy state of the pump. Since the lifetime of the particles in the pumped state is very short, they quickly relax from the pumped state to metastable state in a non-radiative way, and the particles gradually accumulate in the energy zone with a long lifetime. When 1550nm signal light passes through, the metastable Er3+ ion transitions to the ground state in the form of stimulated radiation, which also emits exactly 1550nm wavelength light. The light emitted during the jump from the high energy state to the ground state supplements the signal light lost in attenuation, thus realizing that the signal light is continuously amplified with attenuation in the fiber propagation process.

By mixing erbium into a common quartz fiber and combining it with a semiconductor laser with two wavelengths of 980nm or 1480nm, the amplifier can be used to directly amplify optical signals at 1550nm. Quartz fiber can transmit a variety of different wavelengths of light, but the light decay rate is not the same, 1550nm band of light in the quartz fiber transmission time attenuation rate is the lowest (only 0.15 dB/km), the attenuation rate is almost the lower limit. Therefore, optical fiber communication with 1550nm wavelength light as the signal light, light loss is minimal. Therefore, the fiber doped with tens to hundreds of ppm of erbium, can play a role in compensating the optical loss in the communication system. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier is like an optical "pump station", transmitting optical signals from station to station without any attenuation, thus smoothly opening the technical channel of modern long-distance large-capacity high-speed fiber communication.

Another hotspot for erbium is lasers, especially as a medical laser material. The Erbium laser is a solid-state pulsed laser with a wavelength of 2,940 nm that is strongly absorbed by water molecules in human tissues to achieve greater results with less energy and can cut, grind and excise soft tissue with great precision. Erbium-yag lasers are also used for cataract extraction. Because the main component of cataract lens is water, erbium laser has low energy and is easily absorbed by water, which will be a promising surgical method for cataract extraction. Erbium laser therapy instrument is opening up more and more extensive application field for laser surgery.

Erbium can also be used as active ion in rare earth upconversion laser materials. Erbium laser up-conversion materials can be divided into two types: single crystal (fluoride, oxygen salt) and glass (fiber), such as Erbium-doped yttrium aluminate (YAP:Er3+) crystal and Er3+ doped ZBLAN fluoride (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) glass fiber, etc., which have been put into practice. BaYF5:Yb3+, Er3+ can convert infrared light into visible light. This multi-photon up-conversion luminescent material has been successfully used in night vision apparatus. [2]

In November 2022, German scientists for the first time integrated an erbium atom, which has special optical properties, into a silicon crystal that can be connected by light commonly used in communications, making it an ideal building block for future quantum networks.

High purity metal material/vacuum coating material (purity 99.9-99.9999%)

High purity metal materials/evaporation coating materials (powder/particle/column/block/silk/piece can be customized according to the requirements of 3-6N purity)

 

 

Gold Au: high purity gold grain, high purity gold wire, high purity gold sheet, high purity gold powder, high purity gold foil, gold electrode, gold bar, gold evaporation material

 

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Pd: high purity palladium particle, high purity palladium wire, high purity palladium sheet, high purity palladium powder, palladium electric ratio, palladium foil, palladium evaporation material

 

Rhenium Re: high purity rhenium grain, high purity rhenium sheet, high purity rhenium powder, rhenium evaporation material

 

Rhodium: high purity rhodium particle, high purity rhodium wire, high purity rhodium powder, rhodium electricity, rhodium evaporation material

 

Ruthenium Ru: high purity ruthenium particle, high purity ruthenium wire, high purity ruthenium sheet, high purity ruthenium powder, ruthenium electric ratio, ruthenium evaporating material

 

Iridium Ir: high purity iridium particles, high purity iridium wire, high purity iridium sheet, high purity iridium powder, iridium electric, iridium evaporation material

 

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Cr: high purity chromium particle, high purity chromium powder, high purity chromium sheet, high purity chromium block, high purity chromium strip, low oxygen chromium powder, chromium evaporating material

 

Cobalt Co: high purity cobalt particle, high purity cobalt powder, high purity cobalt sheet, high purity cobalt plate, high purity cobalt block, electrolytic cobalt, cobalt evaporation material

 

Hafnium Hf: high purity hafnium powder, high purity hafnium granules, high purity hafnium wire, high purity hafnium sheet, high purity hafnium plate, low zirconium hafnium powder, hafnium evaporating material

 

Cadmium Cd: high purity cadmium particles, high purity cadmium powder, high purity cadmium silk, high purity cadmium pipe, high purity cadmium ingot, cadmium evaporation material

 

Tungsten W: high purity tungsten particle, high purity tungsten powder, high purity tungsten sheet, high purity tungsten foil, high purity tungsten wire, tungsten boat, tungsten skein, tungsten evaporation source, tungsten evaporation material

 

Mo: high purity molybdenum grain, high purity molybdenum sheet, high purity molybdenum foil, high purity molybdenum powder, high purity molybdenum wire, high purity molybdenum plate, molybdenum boat, molybdenum evaporation material

 

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Germanium Ge: high purity germanium granules, high purity germanium powder, high purity germanium tablets, high purity germanium rods, high purity germanium blocks, germanium evaporating materials

 

Manganese Mn: high purity manganese sheet, high purity manganese powder, high purity manganese block, manganese evaporation material

 

Magnesium Mg: high purity magnesium particle, high purity magnesium powder, high purity magnesium wire, high purity magnesium sheet, high purity magnesium rod, high purity magnesium block, magnesium evaporation material

 

Nb: high purity niobium grain, high purity niobium powder, high purity niobium tablet, high purity niobium foil, high purity niobium wire, high purity niobium plate, high purity niobium block, high purity niobium rod, niobium evaporation material

 

Tin Sn: high purity tin particle, high purity tin ball, high purity tin powder, high purity tin wire, high purity tin sheet, high purity tin foil, tin evaporation material

 

Antimony Sb: high purity antimony grain, high purity antimony block, high purity antimony powder, high purity antimony ingot, antimony evaporation material

 

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Iron Fe: high purity iron particle, high purity iron powder, high purity iron sheet, high purity iron wire, atomized iron powder, electrolytic iron powder, high purity iron plate, high purity iron block, iron evaporation material

 

Ti: high purity titanium sheet, high purity titanium particles, high purity titanium sheet, high purity titanium foil, high purity titanium powder, high purity titanium wire, sponge titanium, titanium iodide, high purity titanium plate, high purity titanium rod, imported titanium raw materials, titanium evaporation material

 

Zirconium Zr: High purity zirconium powder, high purity zirconium granules, high purity zirconium sheet, high purity zirconium foil, high purity zirconium wire, high purity zirconium block, zirconium sponge, zirconium iodide, zirconium evaporation material

 

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Tantalum Ta: high purity tantalum granules, high purity tantalum sheets, high purity tantalum foil, high purity tantalum wire, high purity tantalum powder, high purity tantalum block, tantalum boat, tantalum evaporating material

 

Gallium Ga: high purity gallium block, high purity gallium reagent, high purity gallium ingot, gallium evaporation material

 

Bismuth Bi: High purity Bismuth particle, high purity Bismuth block, high purity Bismuth powder, high purity bismuth ingot, bismuth vaporizer

 

Indium In: high purity indium wire, high purity indium particle, high purity Indium ball, high purity Indium sheet, high purity indium foil, high purity indium powder, indium electrode, indium evaporation material

 

Selenium Se: high purity selenium granules, high purity selenium blocks, high purity selenium tablets, high purity selenium powder, high purity selenium ingot, selenium evaporating material

 

Calcium Ca: high purity calcium granules, high purity calcium powder, high purity calcium rod, high purity calcium evaporating material

 

B: high purity boron particle, high purity boron block, high purity boron sheet, high purity boron powder, boron evaporation material

 

Lanthanum La: high purity lanthanum grains, high purity lanthanum blocks, high purity lanthanum powder, high purity lanthanum ingot

 

Praseodymium Pr: high purity praseodymium granules, high purity praseodymium block, high purity praseodymium powder, high purity praseodymium ingot

 

Neodymium Nd: High purity neodymium granules, high purity neodymium blocks, high purity neodymium powder, high purity neodymium ingot

 

Gadolinium Gd: high purity gadolinium particle, high purity gadolinium block, high purity gadolinium powder, high purity gadolinium ingot

 

Cerium Ce: high purity cerium granules, high purity cerium blocks, high purity cerium ingot, high purity cerium powder

 

Erbium Er: high purity erbium particle, high purity bait block, high purity erbium powder, high purity erbium ingot

 

Terbium Tb: high purity terbium grain, high purity terbium block, high purity terbium powder, high purity terbium ingot

 

Holmium Ho: high purity holmium grain, high purity holmium block, high purity holmium powder, high purity holmium ingot

 

Yttrium Y: high purity yttrium particles, high purity yttrium block, high purity yttrium powder, high purity yttrium ingot

 

Ytterbium Yb: high purity Ytterbium grain, high purity Ytterbium block, high purity ytterbium powder, high purity Ytterbium ingot

 

Thulium Tm: high purity thulium grains, high purity thulium blocks, high purity thulium powder, high purity thulium ingots

 

Samarium Sm: High purity samarium particles, high purity samarium blocks, high purity samarium powder, high purity samarium ingot

 

Dysprosium Dy: High purity Dysprosium grains, high purity Dysprosium blocks, high purity Dysprosium powder, high purity Dysprosium ingot

 

Lutetium: High purity lutetium grain, high purity lutetium block, high purity lutetium powder, high purity lutetium ingot

 

 

 

 

High purity oxide/evaporation coating material (particle, powder purity 3-5N)

 

 

Alumina (Al2O3), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), antimony oxide (Sb2O3), Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), antimony tin oxide (ATO), Praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11), Barium titanate (BaTiO3), Praseodymium titanate (PrTiO2), Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), Praseodymium oxide (Pr2O3), Cerium dioxide (CeO2), Samarium oxide (Sm2O3), copper oxide (CuO), scandium oxide (Sc2O3), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3), silicon monoxide (SiO), Erbium oxide (Er2O3), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), Europium oxide (Eu2O3), Strontium (SrZrO3), Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), Gallium oxide (Ga2O3), terbium oxide (Tb4O7), germanium oxide (GeO2), tellurium oxide (TeO2), hafnium oxide (HfO2), thorium oxide (ThO2), holmium oxide (Ho2O3), thulium oxide (Tm2O3), Indium oxide (In2O3), Titanium dioxide (TiO2), indium tin oxide compound (ITO), titanium monoxide (TiO), iron oxide (Fe2O3), titanium pentoxide (Ti3O5), ferric oxide (Fe3O4), titanium oxide (Ti2O3), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), Lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3), tin monoxide (SnO), lead titanate (PbTiO3), tungsten trioxide (WO3), lead zirconate (PbZrO3), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), aluminum niobate (LiNbO3), yttrium Aluminum garnet (YAG) Y3Al5O12, lithium oxide (LiO), Ytterbium trioxide (Yb2O3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), Yttrium trioxide (Y2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3), zinc oxide aluminum doped (ZnO: Al), Magnesium oxide (MgO), Zirconia (ZrO2) (undoped), manganese dioxide (MnO2), calcium oxide stabilized zirconia (Zro2-5-15wt % CaO), magnesium titanate (MgTiO3), yttrium oxide stabilized zirconia (Zro2-doped Y2O3), molybdenum oxide (MoO3).

 

 

High purity fluoride/evaporation coating material (particle and powder purity 3-6N)

 

Aluminum fluoride (AlF3), Praseodymium fluoride (PrF3), BaF3, magnesium fluoride (MgF2), chromium fluoride (CdF2), neodyf3 (NdF3), calcium fluoride (CaF2), Cerium fluoride (CeF3), Samarium fluoride (SmF3), dysprosium fluoride (DyF3), sodium fluoride (NaF), ErF3 (ErF3), Cratite (Na3AlF6), hafnium fluoride (HfF4), strontium fluoride (SrF2), potassium fluoride (KF), ThF4, lanthanum fluoride (LaF3), yttrium fluoride (YF3), lead fluoride (PbF2), Ytterbium fluoride (YbF3), lithium fluoride (LiF)

 

 

Other materials/evaporation coating materials (particle and powder purity 3-6N)

 

Aluminum nitride (AlN), magnesium titanate (MgTiO3), BaFeO3, Niobium nitride (NbN), Barium titanate (BaTiO3), indium antimonide (InSb), Bismuth titanate (BiTiO3), Praseodymium titanate (PrTiO3), boron nitride (BN), silicon nitride (Si3N4), cadmium sulfide (CdS), Silicon Carbide (SiC), cadmium telluride (CdTe), Strontium titanate (SrTiO3), Chrome-coated tungsten Strip, Tantalum nitride (TaN), cratite (Na3AlF6), Tantalum carbide (TaC), gallium arsenide (GaAs), titanium diboride (TiB2), hafnium nitride (HfN), titanium carbide (TiC), iron boride (FeB), Titanium nitride (TiN), lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3), lead telluride (PbTe), tungsten carbide (WC), lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6), Yttrium ferrite (YFe2O3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), YBC, lanthanum titanate (LaTiO3), zinc selenide (ZnSe), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), Zinc telluride (ZnTe), lead sulfide (PbS), zinc sulfide (ZnS)

 

 

 

 

 

High purity sputtering target material (customized purity 3-6N according to requirements)

 

 

 

High purity metal sputtering target

 

 

Aluminum target Al, chromium target Cr, copper target Fe, zinc target Zn, tin target Sn, magnesium target Mg, cobalt target Co, nickel target Ni, titanium target Ti, gold target Au, silver target Ag, platinum target Pt, rhenium target Re, ruthenium target Ru, palladium target Pd, Rhodium target Rh, Iridium target Ir, indium target In, Vanadium target V, cadmium target Cd, tungsten target W, molybdenum target Mo, tantalum target Ta, niobium target Nb, Zirconium target Zr, hafnium Hf, germanium target Ge, silicon target Si, manganese target Mn, bismuth target Bi, selenium target Se, boron target B, calcium target Ca

 

 

Alloy sputtering target (specifications customized according to requirements)

 

 

Titanium Aluminum Ti-Al, aluminum silicon Al-Si, Aluminum Copper Al-Cu, Aluminum Titanium Al-Ti, silver Copper Ag-Cu, Aluminum Magnesium Al-Mg, cobalt iron Boron Co-Fe-B, copper Indium gallium Cuin-Ga, Iron Manganese Fe-Mn, indium Tin In-Sn, Cobalt Iron Co-Fe, nickel cobalt Ni-Co, nickel Iron Ni-Fe, Nickel Chromium Ni-Cr, Nickel Zirconium Ni-Zr, nickel Aluminum Ni-Al, nickel Copper Ni-Cu, nickel Vanadium Ni-V, Tungsten Titanium W-Ti, zinc Aluminum Zn-Al, Aluminum titanium boron Al-Ti-B, Aluminum Scandium Al-Sc, Vanadium aluminum Fe-Fe, copper Tin Cu-Sn, Zirconium Aluminum Zr-Al, Vanadium Aluminum V-Al, iron Boron B-Fe

 

 

Ceramic target material (customized according to requirements)

 

 

ITO target, AZO target, IGZO target, magnesium oxide target MgO, Y2O3 target, iron oxide target Fe2O3, nickel oxide target Ni2O3, chromium oxide target Cr2O3, zinc oxide target ZnO, zinc sulfide target ZnS, cadmium sulfide target CdS, molybdenum sulfide target MoS2, silica target SiO2, one Silicon oxide target SiO, zirconium dioxide target ZrO2, Niobium pentoxide target Nb2O5, titanium dioxide target TiO2, hafnium dioxide target HfO2, titanium diboride target TiB2, zirconium diboride target ZrB2, tungsten trioxide target WO3, aluminum oxide target Al2O3, tantalum pentoxide target Ta2O5, magnesium fluoride target Mg F2, zinc selenide target ZnSe, aluminum nitride target AlN, silicon nitride target Si3N4, boron nitride target BN, titanium nitride target TiN, silicon carbide target SiC, lithium niobate target LiNbO3, praseodymium titanate target PrTiO3, Barium titanate target BaTiO3, lanthanum titanate target LaTiO3, strontium titanate target SrTiO3, etc Density ceramic sputtering target.

 

 

Rare earth target

 

 

Gadolinium target Gd, samarium target Sm, tellurium target Te, dysprosium target Dy, cerium target Ce, yttrium target Y, lanthanum target La, antimony target Sb, ytterbium target Yb, erbium target Er, terbium target Tb, holmium target Ho, thulium target Tm, neodymium target Nd, praseodymium target Pr, lutetium target Lu

 

 

 

Rare earth ceramic target

 

Rare earth ceramic targets such as lanthanum oxide target La2O3, cerium oxide target CeO2, praseodymium oxide target Pr6O11, neodymium oxide target Nd2O3, Samarium oxide target Sm2O3, neodymium oxide target Nd2O3, Erbium oxide target, thulium oxide target Tm2O3, holmium oxide target Ho2O3, europium oxide target Eu2O3

 

 

Purity: 99.9% -- 99.9999%. Size: Round targets are typically 2 inches in diameter.