Terbium metal

Terbium alloy

Terbium particle

Terbium powder

Terbium [1] is a member of the lanthanide series, with an atomic number of 65 and element symbol Tb. It is located in group B of the sixth cycle. Its elemental substance is a silver white metal, belonging to rare earth metal and toxic. Nature has only one stable isotope and 20 other radioactive isotopes, hexagonal lattice, soluble in dilute acids and slow to react with water. It has high reactivity. Should be stored in inert gas filled container or vacuum container.

Its compounds are used as insecticides and to treat skin diseases. Because of its value and many excellent properties, terbium is in an irreplaceable
 

erbium metal

Soft malleable silver-gray rare earth metal. It is easy to be corroded by air at high temperature; Corrosion is very slow at room temperature. Soluble in acid, colorless salts. Oxide Tb4O7 is brown.

CAS number: 7440-27-9

Terbium metal density: 8.27g/cm3 (25ºC)

Nuclear charge: 65

Crystal structure: hexagonal cell.

Cell parameters: a = 360.1pm; b = 360.1pm; c = 569.36pm; α = 90°; β = 90°; Gamma is equal to 120 degrees

Boiling point: 3503K (3230°C)

Molar volume: 19.3×10-6m3/mol

Heat of vaporization: 330.9kJ/mol

Heat of melting: 10.8kJ/mol

Sound speed: 2620m/s (293.15K)

Relative atomic mass: 158.925

Peripheral electron configuration: 4f96s2

Electron configuration: 2,8,18,27,8,2

Elemental melting point: 1356ºC

Elemental boiling point: 3230ºC

Atomic radius: 2.51 angstroms

Covalent radius: 1.59 angstroms

Electronegativity: 1.2 (Pauling scale)

Specific heat: 180J/(kg·K)

Conductivity: 0.889×106/m·Ω

Thermal conductivity: 11.1W/(m·K)

First ionization energy: 565.8kJ/mol

Second ionization energy: 1110kJ/mol

Third ionization energy: 2114kJ/mol

Fourth ionization energy: 3839kJ/mol

Terbium oxide

Used in the production of metal terbium, magneto-optical glass, phosphor, magneto-optical storage, chemical additives, etc. [3]

Terbium trioxide

The formula is Tb2O3 [3], white powder. Similar to the other major lanthanide oxides, terbium trioxide has two crystal structures. The more stable structure is the defective fluorite structure with lattice parameter a = 10.72 A. The other structure is monoclinic, which can be formed during the crystallization of terbium oxide/magnesium oxide.

Terbium fluoride;

The molecular formula is TbF3 [3], white face-centered cubic or rhombic crystal, melting point 1172ºC. It can be used to produce terbium and magnetostrictive materials.

Terbium tetrafluoride

The molecular formula is TbF4 [3], which is slowly dissolved in dilute  to yield Tb3+ and O2. It has considerable decomposing pressure at room temperature and vacuum, and at low temperature it decomposes and loses fluorine. The preparation is the same as cerium tetrafluoride.

Application field editor broadcast

Medical: Radiographs used to diagnose human bones and lungs must use terbium. In order to improve the sensitivity of X-ray film, an sensitizer that fluoresces when exposed to X-rays is needed. Tb3+ is used in the sensitizer Gd2O2S, which increases the sensitivity of film.

Magnetic deflection: material in the direction of magnetization telescopic, that is, the change of size called magnetic deflection, also known as magnetic deflection. Terbium - iron and terbium - dysprosium - iron have large magnetic deflection effect and are used in print heads of computer printers and precision machining equipment. The secret lies in the shape of terbium's flat 4f electron cloud, and in order for the electrons to move with a magnetic field, they depend on the motion of the atoms around them that correspond to them.

Activators: Phosphors Activators used for green powder in trichromic phosphors, such as terbium-activated phosphate substrates, terbium-activated silicate substrates, and terbium-activated cerium magnesium aluminate substrates, all emit green light when excited.

Optical disks: Optical disks used as computer recording media use alloys of the transition metal family of heavy rare-earth elements, represented by terbium-iron-cobalt alloys. During laser irradiation, information is written and read using changes in reflected light from surface magnetization.

The magneto-optical storage materials of terbium series have reached the scale of mass production. The magneto-optical disc developed with Tb-Fe amorphous film is used as a computer storage component, and the storage capacity has been increased by 10 ~ 15 times.

Magneto-optical glass: Faraday optical glass containing terbium is a key material in the manufacture of rotators, isolators and circulators widely used in laser technology. Especially the development of Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol),

Terfenol, a new material discovered in the 1970s, consists of half Terbium and dysprosium, sometimes holmium, and the rest iron. The alloy was first developed at Ames Laboratories in Iowa. When Terfenol is placed in a magnetic field, The variation in size is greater than that of ordinary magnetic materials and this variation allows for some precise mechanical movements. Originally used primarily in sonar, terbium dysprosium iron has been used in a wide range of fields, from fuel injection systems, liquid valve control, micropositioning, to mechanical actuators, adjustment of mechanisms and aircraft space telescopes, wing regulators, and the manufacture of individual types of loudspeakers.

Terbium can also be used for non-destructive inspection of solder joints such as ships and pipelines.

Rare earth has many magnetic and luminous bodies, which take advantage of the special electron (4f electron) rotation direction and electron energy migration of rare earth. [4]

Small amounts of terbium are used in specialized lasers and solid-state components.

Toxicological analysis

position in some applications. It is widely used in agriculture, industry, animal husbandry, medicine and health, high-tech industry and other fields.